Analysis Of The Book French Photography 1800-1960

The Barnes Foundation’s newest exhibition, French Photography 1800-1960, is a collection of photographs that encapsulates life in France during the 19th and 20th centuries. The exhibit features photographs by artists including Ilse Bing, Brassai, and Henri Cartier Bresson. Entering into the exhibit is like taking a trip through time; depending on if you turn left or right at the entrance to the exhibit, you can travel forward through time from the early to the mid 1900s or you can travel backwards. The exhibit is organized by eight different periods and the attitudes that were most prevalent during them. The categories are: Paris and Environs, Street Life, Commerce, Labor, Leisure, Reportage, Celebrity, and Art for Art’s Sake. The exhibit is an enlightening trip through time, highlighting the glamorable life in France in the 19th and 20th centuries, bringing to life artistic movements, culminating in the final intersection of cubism and photography, Brassai’s pie ce Transmutation: Girl Dreaming being perhaps the brightest star in the collection. Unlike other exhibits in the Barnes, French Photography is unique in its medium. Photographs are fresh and different from the Barnes’ usual paintings. It is also different in the Barnes’ treatment of the pieces. Main installments at the Barnes are hung on the walls as if they were in someone’s living room but a black line drawn through every room prevents any viewer from getting to close to the works of art. However, the photographsShow MoreRelatedHistory of Social Work18530 Words   |  75 PagesHistorical Phases History of Social Work – UK USA Social Work during primitive stage (before 1200 AD) Social Work during 1200 -1500 A.D Social Work during 1500 – 1600 A.D. Social Work during 1500 – 1600 A.D. Social Work during 1600 -1800 A.D. Social Work during 1800 -1900 A.D. Social Work during 1900 onwards Tofler‟s Agricultural Society: special values about caring for individuals evolve. Emergence of unconditional charity toward individuals in times of hardship Almshouses for the poor and handicappedRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesmixer of ingredients. The ingredients in Borden s marketing mix included product planning, pricing, branding, distribution channels, personal selling, advertising, promotions, packaging, display, servicing, physical handling, and fact finding and analysis. E. Jerome McCarthy later grouped these ingredients into the four categories that today are known as the 4 P s of marketing, depicted below: Marketing decisions generally fall into the following four controllable categories: †¢ Product †¢ †¢ †¢ Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOne Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. JudgeRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesLeadership Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 1.4.1 Managing the portfolio 1.4.3 Strategy and projects 2.3 Stakeholders and review boards 12.1 RFP’s and vendor selection (.3.4.5) 11.2.2.6 SWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams Chapter 3 Organization: Structure and Culture 2.4.1 Organization cultures [G.7] 2.4.2 Organization structure

Using Clean Coal Technologies to Reduce Air Pollution

Using Clean Coal Technologies to Reduce Air Pollution ASDF SCI/275 September 4, 2011 Kristal Davis Fadtke Using Clean Coal Technologies to Reduce Air Pollution Air pollution is of pronounced concern in the media lately. Some of the effects of air pollution include the increase of carbon in the atmosphere which contributes to the global warming effect. The effects have been felt with record temperatures on the east coast and in the Midwestern United States this summer. One major contribution to the pollution is the use of coal to generate electricity. Approximately 50% of the power in the United States comes from coal fired electrical generation plants (UCSUSA, 2009). A typical 500 megawatt generation plant burns 1.4 million†¦show more content†¦This system does require a large footprint to install, but it does produce a saleable byproduct. Nitrogen oxides are removed in a combination of ways (Sen, 2010). Figure one is a chart of the different ways this is done. Typically one technology is not used but a combination of them. As shown in the table, not all of the technologies are as effective as those to remove sulfur oxides , thus a combinational approach is used. One of the more impressive developments in clean coal technology has been the fluidized bed technology (Berg amp; Hagar, 2007). This technology has been in development since the 1980s and represents a great leap forward in the clean burning of coal. This technology allows the burning of coal with high sulfur content with little to no pollution (Berg amp; Hagar, 2007). The country Turkey has been developing the technology to work with their low quality coal resources as well as different biomasses including olive cake (Eskin amp; Hepbasil, 2006). The use of this technology permits greater generation of electricity with the lower quality fuels that are available in Turkey (Eskin amp; Hepbasil, 2006). The emissions are greatly reduced by the introduction of limestone into the fuel prior to the combustion chamber (Berg amp; Hagar, 2007). This neutralizes the majority of the acidic compounds produced during combustion. This technology also creates more heat with less fuel allowing for lessShow MoreRelatedA Major Area China s Air Pollution Effects On The Environment1568 Words   |  7 Pages A major area China s air pollution effects is the environment. With this in mind a way the pollution damages the environment is through acid rain (Air pollution in China). Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides go high into the atmosphere to combine with oxygen to form the heavy pollutant known as acid rain (epa.gov). Acid rain easily dissolves in water, and when mixed with other pollutants in China s atmosphere, can contaminate the soil and water sources. 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Key Issues in the Changing Of Unilever Branding Strategy Free Essays

Introduction Unilever is a multinational company with over 180 000 persons on six continents. It has research laboratories in different parts of the world. Unilever’s profit in 2005 stood at ˆ40 billion, making it one of the leaders in international market. We will write a custom essay sample on Key Issues in the Changing Of Unilever Branding Strategy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The business at Unilever has an incorporated board of controllers and the company works as a single organization. Who buys private brands? A conspicuous response is that consumers who are looking to extend their money are more likely to purchase personal brands. This demeanor is exactly attached to earnings grades as well as to a macro-economic environment. Past studies have attempted to produce definitions for personal label buyers to body material out this image. However, since personal label buying alters over merchandise classes, generalizations regarding the demographic characteristics have been tough to describe. These studies failed to recognize any socio-economic characteristics of sections of a market which may be apparently delineated. Crittenden and Hawes (1979) found that purchasing generic goods affiliated to smaller house income. Further studies discovered that older consumers who had smaller earnings distinguish personal label buyers (Hoch, 1996). Prendergast and Marr (1997) verified that the association between smaller earnings in New Zealand. Howell (2004) accounts clues which indicate that personal lab el purchasing is particularly common â€Å"among large, juvenile families on a budget.† The accounts are supplemented by investigations displaying that personal label buyers can be distinguished using cost sensitivity (Hoch, 1996), whereas this attribute differs over merchandise class (Erdem et al., 2004). Not many investigations look at demographics to indicate comprehending motivations or mind-sets of personal label buyers. Goldsmith and Flynn (2006) stated that when the mind-set of nationwide brand buyers are in evaluation of personal label buyers, previous results offer favorable rankings towards nationwide brands considering its â€Å"familiarity, uniqueness, relevance† and believe that manage personal label buyers. The converse convention occurs when the subject is personal labels. Jin and Suh (2005) stated that, in Korea, consumer innovativeness is affiliated to an affirmative mind-set in the direction of and aim to trial personal labels. A KPMG (2000) report recounts mind-set of personal label buyers, yet this is restricted by declarations regarding finances, buying, advocating and disclosing nothing about how consumers perceive the personal marks they purchase. Theoretical Approaches As with advertising and other marketing phenomena, a number of different theoretical mechanisms and perspectives have been brought to bear in the study of branding. Although there are a number of industry perspectives that highlight important concepts and relationships with respect to branding and brand management, three main streams of academic research that have formally identified or conceptualized brand equity, using either consumer psychology, economics, biology and sociology, are briefly summarized here. Psychology-based Approaches Researchers studying branding results from a cognitive psychology viewpoint frequently have adopted associative network memory approaches in order to develop theories and concepts, in part because of the comprehensiveness and diagnostic value they offer (for empirical demonstrations, see Krishnan, 1996; Henderson et al., 1998; Lassar et al.,1995). The brand is perceived as a node within the memory with a selection of various modes of associations that differ in strength. Relatedly, prior research has also often adopted a categorization perspective to memory representations of branding (Boush Loken, 1991). This strategy presupposes that consumers perceive brands as categories which are related to a selection of certain criteria, founded in the qualities related to various products that reflect the individual members of the brand category (Loken Roedder John, 1993). Researchers have also relied on numerous concepts and principles from social psychology and social cognition in developing models of consumer brand-related decisions; for example, affect referral mechanisms, attributional processes, accessibility-diagnosticity considerations, expectancy value formulations. Researchers have also used models of consumer inference-making fairly extensively. Teas Grapentine (1996) construct a framework of the role of brand names in consumer purchase decision-making processes from a marketing research perspective which highlights some of these considerations. I will now investigate two key models of brand equity that depend upon the manner in which consumer psychology principles regarding their development (see also Farquhar, 1989). In his work, Aaker (1991, 1996; Aaker Joachimsthaler, 2000) moves towards brand equity, mainly from the viewpoint of a managerial and corporate approach, yet reinforces consumer behavior. In his writing, Aaker has developed a number of distinct and useful concepts related to brand identity, brand architecture, and brand marketing programs, and have addressed a number of managerial branding challenges. Keller (1993, 1998) has approached brand equity as somewhat more of a consumer behavior viewpoint. According to him, â€Å"customer-based brand equity† is considered to be the differential influence that brand knowledge has upon the consumer or customer reaction to brand marketing. Regarding this model, the brand is usually considered to have a brand equity which is positive from a customer perspective as they respond well towards a product. In most cases, brand equity take place when the customer has a very high level of consciousness and acquaintance with the brand and holds some sturdy, positive, and exclusive brand associations in memory. Keller views brand building in terms of a series of rational steps: establishing the appropriate brand identity, creating the appropriate brand meaning, extract the right brand responses, and falsify suitable brand relationships with customers. Despite their somewhat different foundations, the Aaker Keller models share much in common with each other, as well as with other psychologically based approaches to brand equity. Most importantly, both acknowledge that brand equity symbolize the â€Å"added value† gifted towards merchandise as a consequence of savings in the brand’s marketing. It should be noted that the Aaker Keller models depend upon distributing activation processes between an associative network memory model. Janiszewski van Osselaer (2000) offer some evidence to suggest that connectionist systems of brand-quality association may provide a more robust explanation of consumer reactions to various branding strategies than a spreading activation account, under certain conditions (see also van Osselaer Janiszewski, 2001). With this model, consumers are assumed to be adaptive learners who are â€Å"learning to value.† This is opposed to the spreading activation perspective, which, they argue, is more relevant for consumers who are â€Å"learning to recall.† Meyers-Levy (1989) showed that organizations were not necessarily beneficial and could produce intrusion properties and lower memory performance. Economics-based Approaches Although behavioral models have been perhaps the dominant basis to studying branding effects and brand equity, as noted above other valuable viewpoints have also emerged. For example, Erdem (1998a, 1998b) takes information economics view of the worth (or equity) that is attached to a brand by the individual consumer. Erdem uses the premise of asymmetrical information market strategy as the foundation to his approach that centers on the role of credibility as the main determinant of â€Å"consumer-based brand equity.† Erdem states that as customers are not informed of a product’s worth or quality, brand identity is used to reassure a consumer about the product’s quality and â€Å"credibility.† In this manner, therefore, brands can reduce a customer’s sense of â€Å"risk† when purchasing a product and this reduces information costs. She provides empirical support for these signaling mechanisms in an umbrella branding application to the oral hyg iene market. Similarly, Rao et al. (1999) have argued that: â€Å"a brand name can credibly convey unobservable quality when it is the case that false claims would result in intolerable economic losses, due to either losses of reputation, sunk investments, or losses of future profits.†In a brand alliance application with hypothetical television brands, they showed that consumers’ evaluations of the quality of a product with a significant attribute were improved when the brand was associated with a second brand that was perceived to be vulnerable to customer sanctions. Sociology- and Biology-based Approaches Some researchers have studied branding from more of a sociological, anthropological, or biological perspective. For example McCracken (1986, 1993) considered the broader cultural meaning of brands and products. As outlined in subsequent sections, other researchers have explored topics like brand communities and relationships. Other researchers have adopted more of a perceptual or even subconscious approach towards branding. For example, as described in more detail below, Schmitt (1999a, 1999b) views branding in a more experiential way in terms of the effects on all five senses. Zaltman (Zaltman Higie, 1995; Zaltman Coulter, 1995) use metaphors as a guiding theme and qualitative research techniques to uncover the mental models driving consumer behavior with respect to brands. Unilever Brand Strategy Many people still cling to the misconception that being large scale is better. For employers, primarily the result can be pleased with the conviction that only the dimensions shown in immunity to the trials and tribulations faced by others. History, however, are full of wounded, and killed the profile of this flawed logic. It seems that Unilever has no purpose in addition to its ownership of the hall of shame. According to react quickly to early signs, the role of the international community in the diet, housing and personal care products has been organized to develop and maintain strong quarterly development is now close to double digits. Even the world’s financial deterioration was unable to stop its revival. Structured to Failure For Unilever, the new millennium, said increase in the international fight later revealed its fragility and lead to stagnation. Organizational structure was clearly not on a large scale in this phase. Business in each country enjoys substantial autonomy. While decentralization has its advantages, in this case, the structure generated by the high incidence of companies, which replicate on a gigantic scale was the norm. Not surprisingly, the observers said Unilever was cumbersome and in need of aggression and open competition. The answer was to launch a five-year design merit â€Å"path to growth†, as one of the central tasks for transforming a fragmented organization into a strong local rock. Companies have been sold, renovated with strategic acquisitions that bear the emblem SlimFast and Ben Jerry’s, and the number has decreased dramatically. Business had to squeeze his regime and to compete with less fronts seen as the way forward. Being an adherent to free up more resources for the development of the emblem was one more advantage such an approach. However, the start can not provide their primary goal, since in 2004 the development was started by the end. Add to that a lot of falling market and influence the initial conditions were inevitable. Creating a New Company, Unilever Good concept only the desired result, if run properly. That’s where Unilever. But the achievement is no less equipped companies recognize that the measures: * New thinking to join this organization; * Simplification of the structure to provide for more effective implementation of the new strategy * Implementation of solid plans to record and keep improving. New thinking actually arose by accident; leaders coined the term â€Å"sustainability† on the use of market opportunities associated with a healthy consumption in the developed and developing countries. This notion is echoed by a compromise emblem issue of healthy products, but later developed to show vitality within the organization and its people. Unilever has been organized into two divisions: â€Å"food and personal hygiene† items and â€Å"shelter.† Although this is a step in the right direction, the main headline was a matter of replication and services for large retail customers. What, then, is the answerThe conclusion was a promise to join the organization in each country of origin under the â€Å"One Unilever† banner. Unilever Key staff are bright, confident and articulate and start from different countries. Paradoxically, however, it became clear wine during the implementation of the strategy. WhyThe withdrawal was to talk and have less action. Some administrators are aware that the shortcoming solved the problem through an initiative known as â€Å"Strategy in Action† (SIA). When their methodology was effectively only addressed in Australia, it was transferred quickly into all around the world. The universal implementation is assumed that both clarity and consistency improved. Viability and the SAI must progress in a given period to the strategic framework, which includes: * A powerful approach to the business mission; * The Body; * The main strategic goals apparently recognized the metric; * Confirmation of the unique purpose of the old leaders; * Create a one page article telling the whole strategic content that will be subsequently used for communication and review purposes; This change is often in contact with the skepticism that was not lost on Unilever. It is therefore important that the point of connection in an effort to minimize resistance. General discussion appeared and was a key part of the workshops. This set of active intention that local chiefs, class and destination were on board, while alternative strategies are being developed. It is also equipped with working groups of the best way to establish your knowledge and skills. The conclusion saw that, after performing the method for all 180,000 of its employees, it checked another clever way to get all individuals to pull in the same direction. Principles of management have been published and teaching double support was verified on-site seminars and other events held to make the most strategic point. Unlike earlier, when the heads were raised by various programs and alternatives; the task was an easy target for the organization of their own situation. In just five months, the predominant alignment of strategic and apartments have been achieved in each area. One can imagine how it will affect the entire organization. This is not surprising that the evaluation is conducted on carefully reviewed monthly using a traffic light scheme and annual processing method and strategic content. Fervent leaders were installed to provide the company with many key business processes for strategic implementation. A significant part of the remuneration boss is currently linked to the achievement of strategic objectives. Fruits of Labor Unilever refuses to rest on the laurels went to pay in the form: * Conclusion solutions much faster; * Rationalization of the organization, which prides itself on customer experience that is applicable in an international team. However, many of the desires of retailers and their customers are currently being considered at the local level; * The Authority more action-oriented; * Less time spent organizing meetings and strategic accounts in the article are being used instead; * Increased cooperation and understanding of strategic issues. In addition, the roles and responsibilities of the effects seemed to be more pronounced, and studies have also been revised. Key centers are strategically located so that it is likely that the strike is quick to market with new ideas. Competition for moving personnel and know-how was the most favored by the conclusion of transfers where the company could not provide serial communications lines in the international framework. Unilever now boasts a portfolio of business is simple and a lot of time was granted unconditional purchase method deliberately selected for their ability to increase the viability of the concept. As the powerful emblem of international revenues increased significantly, it concluded that more workers in developing and emerging markets. Since innovations s needed to facilitate further development of these markets, the expectation is more positive. Innovative ideas often thrive, and all markets are looking at new proposals. In addition, the business integration of international emblems is quicker than launching into markets, although it often happens simultaneously. Mixed with higher productivity and lower taxes dramatically reduced capital visits this entire rosy picture. Search of better income later, however. SIA remains the subject of continuous improvement and is especially enthusiastic Unilever to focus on team commitment; it is regarded as the foundation for success. Unilever detergents had to fight to convince UNSCOM that the actions must be targeted at a European level and not national. Unilever who had â€Å"the overall strategy to align business operations back into the light Single European Act of 1986† looked to establish leverage in Europe. Talks amongst the detergent and the coordinating Committee on European centralization of European legislation regarding the non-tariff barriers topic is not mentioned directly. The co-ordination of detergents founded the arguments for integrated European strategy away from general economic policy. However, the reality of the detergents is very different from other products of Unilever co-ordination. â€Å"Consumer Other related coordination†, he said in 1987, differs from the detergents, as â€Å"the unity of a global consumer attitudes and competitive structure [†¦] that [is] against a competitor.† Unilever’s efforts at combining 16 companies nationwide in an effort to work â€Å"on the arm of Europe† in Brussels, â€Å"is not a magic formula to create a night of European strategy for success.† The initial effort was to apply this approach had unsatisfactory results. It has been considered that Unilever was hesitant to react to the introduction of dust which was concentrated in the European market. This advanced from nothing to third between 1988 and 1993. In 1994 Ariel P G was successfully relaunched in a â€Å"concentrated powder† form. Unilever stated that the innovative product was created to challenge the P G’s Euro pean position in the textile market. This innovative product gained a lot of momentum because it contains about 70% of new ingredients, such as innovative â€Å"accelerator technology†, new disinfectant, a number of new enzymes and a new fragrance. The product was also designed to promote â€Å"key benefits† for the consumer. For example, the innovative new washing powder claimed to provide â€Å"the elimination of spots in the first place.† Also, as well as claimed to remove stubborn stains, the product claimed to â€Å"benefit† the environment. This claim was reinforced by the fact that the product functions at lower temperature, and therefore, used less energy. Elsewhere, the â€Å"Tower System† permits 80% of saved energy from the production of the product. Also, the concentration of chemicals resulted in less food and less packaging. The Capital investment program was launched across eleven European countries, costing more than ?200 million. Unilever implemented a radical change with their rapid deployment across Europe, but this was example of their innovative European strategy. However, there have been problems identified with the accelerator, as for example, specific combinations of colors might cause damage to certain materials. The competitors of Unilever looked to exploit this fault and to undermine the new product. This demonstrates how the European integrated marketing strategy did not guarantee success as the simultaneous release of the product did not allow for any time to identify problems, and consequently, an error that if it affected one market, it affected them all. Unilever typically looks to handle products on the market and adapts their product to consumer responses. The risk of a simultaneous release is compounded when the error occurs in the context of conscious efforts to reduce costs and streamline Unilever’s European lever. The efforts in R and D, therefore, do not apply through a series of â€Å"leaders†, as in the past, but a centralized one lever for development. Trademark Efficiency There are many key elements that are the â€Å"pillars of effective communication† as well as brand identity. Research shows that the most successful media messages were repetitive, continuous and consistent. These forms of message, which is shown for long periods of time and usually on various media forms/channels generally demand a lot of financial investment. Organizations generally invest a lot of money into brand promotion. The core brand statement is usually fixed to produce a level of continuity, as well as consistency. Brand symbols may be implemented and appropriated across time and cultures so that they are relevant and contemporary. This is an important factor that ensures the brand remains appealing to the contemporary audience. Children and Brand Recognition Several academics and journalists have, in the past, criticized the commercialization of childhood by these brands. They argue that these approaches seem to be targeted at very young children. Paul Fischer observed that, out of 22 brand logos, 12 of displayed a preschool children3-5 symbol on the product. He also discovered that the rate of recognition of the Disney Channel and McDonald’s symbol was 92 and 82% respectively. It was also seen that 91% of children younger than six recognized the image of â€Å"Joe Camel† with a cigarette. Recognizing particular logos was highly associated with age for and it was assumed that recognition rates would be higher among older participants. What issues organizations should considerCompanies must identify the different parts of their brand, such as the personality, which is a human-like trait. A company needs to produce a brand association which resounds amongst the public. The brand must identify user images and the ways in which the average user of this mark is defined. The symbols and logos that are associated with the brand must be considered in this description, as well as new product category growth. Elsewhere, they face important choices regarding the factors which should remain fixed and those which are flexible and can be appropriated. To interact with the international market, these factors are typically fixed internationally: the corporate image, logo, â€Å"essence and values.† Elements which can differ across nations can be a brand’s motto, products, product names as well as marketing strategies, which are usually adapted to suit the location they are acting in. Managers should look to avoid settling for immediate profits at the expense of a long-term gain. Such pressures for short-term gains can be solved using a mark for related areas, which leads to a dilution of the brand, and to public uncertainty. An alternative method is to encourage managers to fall in the market with the same brand as it will then devalue. Organizations often use â€Å"umbrella brand† to reinforce new strategies, and ensure their success. Apple, for example, relies on the brand image of the iPod, iPhone and iMac to convince individuals to purchase products that have a premium of 20% of the price. Therefore, they are purchasing more than just a MP3 player, of cell phone; they are buying the brand. This is important, however, as independent innovation can be replicated. Therefore, a brand must think about investing in an innovative way to make their brand appeal. This is usually done with a focus on aesthetics and ease of use. For example, Nissan developed their ranking of the mark by placing emphasis on a clear, bold design to make it stand out from competitors such as Honda and Toyota. Elsewhere, effective brand marketing has seen Samsung have seen their value greatly improve and overtake Sony. This shows the basic elements and advantages of brand building; within ten years, an independent manufacturer of household electronics retailed lesser-known brands such as Tantus and Yepp. He abandoned these unknown brands and invested his efforts into establishing Samsung as a major brand. He paid close attention to having an upscale image that promoted the quality, design and innovation of the product; in this instance televisions and cell phones. As contemporary consumers rely on cell phones and televisions, there was a large market for this kind of product. Branding and Marketing One of the most fertile but still largely unexplored developments in global marketing is global branding. This is, of course, an outgrowth of the voluminous 1990s study on brand equity. Having a distinct name and logo is a major standardized feature for international companies and their marketing strategy. Yet, a lot of studies into branding generally identify the international status of major brands implicitly. Truly international brand research takes the global dimensions of well-known brands explicitly into account. International branding research has actually a rather long and, to some extent, illustrious history. The list of mistakes made by marketers attempting to standardize brand names whose meaning in a different language is misleading, comical, or otherwise an affront to local sensibilities is long (Ricks, 1993). Rosen et al. (1989) show that while of American consumer brands more than half (66%) are used identically abroad; the majority of sales (80%) come from the home market. More recent research, however, suggests that there are important scale returns associated with a unified brand identity across the globe. Two large brand research firms, US-based Landor and Interbrand in London, have developed brand equity ratings for many of the world’s brands. The global reach of the brands figure prominently in the ratings; Interbrand’s criteria are illuminating in this respect. Four dimensions are used to score each brand. First, the â€Å"Dominance,† mainly in terms of market share; second the brand â€Å"Stretch†, suggesting a capability of brand extensions into new products and markets. A third dimension is â€Å"Franchise†, which indicates the degree to which the brand may bridge social, cultural, and national boundaries. Fourth is â€Å"Commitment†, the degree to which the brand has managed to develop a followership among its customers on the grounds of shared values. Brand globality logically enters into all four of these dimensions, and it is hardly surprising to find that the top â€Å"power† brands are those with global presence. The empirical validity of these measures, in particular the extent to which these dimensions are universally applicable, is still an unresolved issue, and a fruitful area for further investigation. The shift toward brand equity has led to a conception of brands as one of the major assets of large multinationals. Growing that asset has become a major preoccupation of marketing managers (Douglas et al., 2001). Consequently, recent research into global brands has come to focus on the implementation and management of global branding strategies, rather than the value of those strategies as such. This research is still in its emerging stages, although promising efforts have been made. Kapferer’s updated publication (1997) is focused more on how to globalize a brand portfolio, and Brandt Johnson (1997) discuss global branding strategies in high technology firms. Articles and books on international branding include a significant number from European-based authors, possibly because of the new pan-European branding possibilities (Gad, 2001; Macrae, 1996). By contrast, a striking majority of US contributions are focused on the domestic market. For example, while Keller’s (1998) textbook does discuss the international dimension, and Aaker and Joachimsthaler’s 2000 book, Brand Leadership, covers global branding strategies, in both cases the content is fitted into one single chapter. The basic thrust of these managerially oriented efforts is the advice to balance global uniformity against local sensitivity – the classic Doz and Prahalad paradigm. That is, the more-or-less implicit assumption is that there has to be local sensitivity coupled with global power. How this balance is to be struck is not easy to discern, depending as it is on the specific product and country involved. Nevertheless, it seems the global branding is easier for technology-based products. Strikingly, with the exception of Kapferer (1997), very little attention and systematic research have so far been given to the local customer reaction to a global brand entry. Kapferer is strong on identifying possible negative or positive reactions, but his work is still mainly concerned with solutions to managerial problems, not underlying behavioral mechanisms. Research on country-of-origin cues by Tse and Gorn (1993) has shown how a brand can have a definite national identity despite being produced elsewhere. In particular, this is the case for brands whose country-of-origin is well established -planned or not, their positioning always involves a nationality cue. For example, a Sony television set made in the US is apparently still â€Å"Japanese† too many consumers. Coca-Cola soft-drinks and Levi jeans are typically â€Å"American† wherever produced and sold, eliciting either favor or rejection depending upon time and place. There is still a lot of fruitful research to be done on global branding. One question revolves around the way customer perceptions are affected by the globalist of a brand. The opinions here differ among observers. Some argue that the customer will not care about the globalist itself, always seeing the purchase as a local phenomenon. The typical anecdotal evidence includes the youngster from Hong Kong who, when on a US vacation with his family, exclaims: â€Å"They got McDonald’s here too!† On the other side of the argument is the notion that in many markets the global brand possesses a cachet that local brands lack. This does not only happen in previously closed, emerging markets with their pent-up demand, but even in a market such as the US, where previously ethnocentric customers now allow themselves the luxury of finally enjoying world-leading cellular phone makes, foreign beers, and soccer. As Alden et al. (1999) find in a path-breaking article, it is possible to target an emerging global consumer culture with a global advertising message, where the globalist of the brand does enter into the buyer’s evaluative criteria. Of course, with the recent rise of a very visible anti-globalization movement, the fact that a brand is global might actually deter consumers. References Cowles, M. G., (1996), ‘Business means Europe—who built the market?’, in Bond, M., Smith, J., Wallace, W., eds., Eminent Europeans: personalities who shaped contemporary Europe, pp. 192–212 Dunning, J., (1990), ‘European economic integration and TNC activity, 1958–1988: the record assessed’, study prepared by Economists Advisory Group Ltd for the United Nations Center on Transnational Corporations Dunning, J., Robson, P., (1998), ‘Multinational corporate integration and regional economic integration’, in Multinationals and the European Community (Oxford), pp. 1–23 Dyer, D., Dalzell, F., Olegario, R., (2004), Rising Tide: Lessons from 165 Years of Brand Building at Procter Gamble (Boston) Fennell, R., (1997), The Common Agricultural Policy: Continuity and Change (Oxford) Fieldhouse, D. K., (1994), Merchant Capital and Economic Decolonisation (Oxford) Gillingham, J., (1991), Coal, steel, and the rebirth of Europe, 1945–1955: the Germans and French from Ruhr Conflict to Economic Community (Cambridge) Greenwood, J., (1997), Representing Interests in the European Union (Basingstoke) Greenwood, J., Aspinwall, M., eds., (1998), Collective Action in the European Union: Interests and the New Politics of Associability Heller, F. H., Gillingham, J., eds., (1996), The United States and the Integration of Europe (NewYork) Hilger, S., (2004), ‘Reluctant Americanisation?: the reaction of Henkel to the influences andcompetition from the United States’, in Kudo, A., Kipping, M., Schroter, H. G., eds.,German and Japanese Business in the Boom Years: Transforming AmericanManagement and Ttechnology Models, pp. 193–220 Hogan, M. J., (1987), The Marshall Plan: America, Britain and the reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947–1952 (Cambridge) Humes, S., (1993), Managing the Multinational: Confronting the Global-Local Dilemma Jones, G., (2002), ‘Control, performance and knowledge transfers in large multinationals: Unilever in the US, 1945–1980’, in Bus. His. Rev., vol. 76, pp. 435–78 (2005), Renewing Unilever: Transformation and Tradition (Oxford) Killick, J., (1997), The United States and European reconstruction, 1945–1960 (Edinburgh) Kipping, M., (1999), ‘American management consulting companies in Western Europe, 1920 1990: products, reputation, and relationships’, in Bus. Hist. Rev., vol. 73, pp. 190–220 Bjarnar, O., eds., (1998) The Americanisation of European Business: the Marshall Plan and the Transfer of US Management Models Tiratsoo, N., eds., (2002), Americanisation in Twentieth Century Europe: Business,Culture, Politics (Lille) Krause, L. B., (1938,) European Economic Integration and the United States (Washington, D.C) McKinlay, A., Mercer, H., Rollings, N., (2002), ‘Reluctant Europeans?: the Federation of British Industries and European integration, 1945–63’, in Bus. Hist. Rev., vol. 42, issue. 4, pp. 91–116 Mayes, D., Hart, P., (1994), The Single Market Programme as a Stimulus to Change: Comparisons between Britain and Germany (Cambridge) Mazey, S., Richardson, J., eds., (1993), Lobbying in the European Community (Oxford) Miskell, P., (2004), ‘Cavity protection or cosmetic perfection?: innovation and marketing o toothpaste brands in the United States and Western Europe, 1955–1985’, in Bus. Hist.Rev., vol. 78, pp. 29–60 Moravcsik, A., (1993), ‘Preferences and power in the European Community: a liberal intergovernmentalist approach’, in J. Common Market Stud., no. 3, pp. 473–524 Moravcsik, A., (1998), The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht (Ithaca, NY) Nerb, G., (1998), ‘Research on the â€Å"cost of non-Europe† basic findings, III: the completion of the internal market’, a survey of European industry’s perception of the likely effects (Brussels) Van, Paridon, C. W. A. M., (1996), ‘European economic integration: did it matter in the past, will it matter in the future?’, in Tilly, R., Welfens, P. J., eds., European EconomicIntegration as a Challenge to Industry and Government: Contemporary and HistoricalPerspectives on International Economic Dynamics (Berlin), pp. 29–65 How to cite Key Issues in the Changing Of Unilever Branding Strategy, Essay examples

Personal Writing The Day of Surprise Essay Example For Students

Personal Writing: The Day of Surprise Essay Personal Writing: The Day of Surprise Essay Thats so cool! I exclaimed. In my hand was a Valentines Day card which folded to make a spaceship. I was in a Hallmark card shop with my father, looking at cards for the upcoming holiday. If I got you that card now, then it wouldnt be a surprise later, my father logically stated. But its neat! See, it folds into a spaceship. Ill get it for you but just act surprised for your mother when you open the card. Okay dad, I answered as we walked up to the counter. My father paid for the card and we left the store. Classmates would give everyone Valentine cards. Some extremely generous kids would even attach candy to the cards. It didnt matter if you hated each other, on Valentines Day everyone put aside their differences and even presented cards to the children nobody liked. That one day of love seemed to unify the worst of foes through love and forgiveness. I could hardly wait for that day to come. As the night before Valentines Day had rolled around, anticipation had escalated to an all time peak. Nevertheless, it was all set aside as my parents once again started to fight. My brother and I were sent to the car in the garage so that we would not witness them fighting. We knew the routine. I was scared and I could still hear angry voices dueling back and forth. My brother was a senior in high school and even he seemed frightened when they fought. Although he tried to hide his fear, I knew he was afraid when my father would go on a rampage. An hour passed by and my brother and I decided to go back inside. The house was still. A pin could have dropped and we would of heard it. My father had gone to lay down in his bed. This action was suggested by the marriage counselor that my parents had been visiting. Whenever my father got angry, he was supposed to rest until he calmed down. The problem was that he would lay down after he had let out all his anger, verbally or physically. My mother came downstairs. She had gathered some stuff together. Come on, get your jackets and get in the car. After we went to our rooms to get our coats, we went outside and got into our old station wagon that my brother used to drive to school. My brother put the car in neutral and coasted out of our driveway and down the hill. At the bottom of the hill he turned the ignition and drove to a friends house to stay for the evening. My mother called my father from there. I was down in the basement with the two children of the family, talking to them. I mentioned that my parents might get divorced, but in my stomach I knew they wouldnt. How could my parents even discuss such a thing on Valentines Day? Besides, we were talking about my mother and my father. Divorcing only happens to other kids parents. I felt comforted as I drifted off to sleep. The next morning when I woke up, I was sick to my stomach. My allergies to the familys two Siamese cats must have acted up. My mother told me we were going home so to get dressed. We arrived home shortly. As we drove into the driveway I noticed all of the curtains were shut. Room with a view Essay We opened the door and stepped into the dark house. I looked around for my father but he wasnt there. I had learned that my father went to stay with a coworker. Where did Valentines Day go? Had I missed it? The whole idea of Valentines Day is to celebrate love and togetherness. Yet the decision to separate had come on this day of unity. I felt nauseous. My mother comforted me and told me my fathers move was temporary. However I now knew what was happening; this change was permanent. Its for the better, my mother told me. .

All The Presidents Men Critic essays

All The Presidents Men Critic essays All The Presidents Men Critic All the Presidents Men is the story of the role of the press and Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein in the Watergate scandal that forced Richard Nixon from his Presidential office. In the run-up to the 1972 election, Bob Woodward covers what at first appears to be a third rate break-in at the Democratic Party National headquarters located in the Watergate Complex. Five men in business suits, four of whom were Cubans, were caught attempting to electronically bug the office of Mr. OBrien, a Democrat. He is surprised to find top lawyers already on the defense case, and the discovery of names and addresses of Republican fund organizers in the address book belonging to one of the burglars further arouses his suspicions. The editor of the Post, Benjamin C. Bradlee, is prepared to run with the story and assigns Woodward and Carl Bernstein to work on the developments together. The two begin making phone calls and discover that there was a secret security fund collect ed in Maurice H. Stans safe for the purpose of illegal activities by the Committee to Re-elect the President. Woodwards anonymous high-level source called Deep Throat would meet him in a dark parking garage in the middle of the night, and through him, the reporters find the trail leading higher and higher in the Republican Party, and eventually into the White House itself. The ruthless committee hired hundreds of people to sabotage democratic activities and even go as far as ruining the campaign of Edmund Muskie through the Canuck Letter, written by the Deputy Director of Communications in the White House, Kenneth W. Clawson. The reporters attempted to interview the Grand Jury from the previous trials with Liddy and McCord but the members had alerted prosecutors so Judge Sirica called them to court and anonymously condemned their actions and gave them a speech o...

The Changeling Essays

The Changeling Essays The Changeling Essay The Changeling Essay He believes he loves her and this over rides any other consideration, despite the advice of his servants that to travel now would be the best option. This reinforces the theme of lust and love causing the characters to make rash decisions. Alsemero declares his love for Beatrice almost immediately, Beatrice response to this is also ironic: Our eyes are sentinels unto our judgments, And should give certain judgment what they see; But they are rash sometimes, and tell us wonders Of common things, which when our judgments find, They can then check the eyes, and call them blind Beatrice states that it is important to be weary of decided on first appearances; one should not just trust the eyes but should make a reasoned judgement. However neither Beatrice nor Alsemero do this, again reinforcing the theme of irrational passions and behaviour. Her words are hollow as they are at odds with her actual behaviour which follows what her eyes tell her. Beatrice later states, after reflecting on Alsemeros choice of friendship: Methinks I love now with the eyes of judgment Little has changed since their last meeting yet Beatrice believes she is acting rationally. This also brings in the recurring use of the imagery of sight, eyes and blindness to reflect the theme of Appearance vs. Reality and as a metaphor for reason and judgement. Unreasoned emotion is also portrayed through the relationship between Deflores and Beatrice. The contempt and disgust Beatrice-Joanna feels for her fathers servant is somewhat unfounded, as Deflores states: She knows no cause fort but a peevish will. Although disfigured and only a servant whereas she is daughter of a nobleman, Beatrice has no reason to dislike Deflores. Her irrational hatred, or peevish will has no basis and emphasizes the view that Beatrice has little rational control over her emotions and a lack of reason, nor does she understand such emotion. As the scene ends Beatrice drops her glove on the floor, and her father instructs Deflores to pick it up, It is unclear whether this is intended for Alsemero or Deflores, or whether it was accidental. However it appears purposeful and underlines the idea of Beatrices sub conscious feelings manifesting themselves and her inability to control them. Beatrice admits she has overwhelming feelings for Alsemero but that her hatred for Deflores is perhaps even stronger. One may interpret that what she sees as vehement disgust for Deflores is actually underlined by a subconscious sexual attraction to him, one she cannot control. Sexual overtones are prevalent throughout the play, for example in Deflores description of the glove or Alibius use of the ring as imagery for intercourse.

New UK GAAP Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

New UK GAAP - Assignment Example The need for a global reporting standard has gained more importance for small and medium sized organizations where the accountability of managers towards the investors are generally less transparent compared to large multi-national companies. Over the years such transparency might lead to mistrust between the owners and the managers leading to an Agency problem. Even though the advantage of general sets of international reporting standards are acknowledged, there are a certain implementation challenges at the international and domestic level if the objective of a harmonised and enhanced reporting structure is to be achieved. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Global Reporting Standards 4 Importance of Accounting Standards Bodies 6 Harmonization of Reporting Standards in Recent Times 7 Conclusion 8 References 10 Bibliography 11 Introduction A considerable amount of countries and entities around the globe have adopted IFRS (Internationa l Financial Reporting Standards) as the base for financial reporting with the means and objective to enhance the value of information on corporate performance. In the year 2010, a potential new framework proposed by the Accounting Standards Board (ASB) to replace current Irish and UK GAAP has revised the original proposal and released 3 new drafts Application of Financial Reporting Requirements FRS 100, 101, 102, etc. ... ts to FRS 102 (FRED 48) which was issued on October 2012 restricted the proposed scope and amendments relating to accounting of service concession arrangements and multi-employer pensions. In addition, FRED 48 also contains proposed comprehensive accounting standards based on IFRS for Small and Medium-sized Entities. Even though the advantage of general sets of international reporting standards are acknowledged, there are a certain operational challenges at the international and domestic level if the objective of a harmonised and enhanced reporting structure is to be achieved (FRC, 2013, pp.3-12). Advantages and Disadvantages of Global Reporting Standards The need for a global reporting standard has gained more importance for small and medium sized organizations where the accountability of managers towards the investors are generally less transparent compared to large multi-national companies. Over times such transparency might lead to mistrust between the owners and the managers lea ding to an Agency problem. The implication of non-transparent reporting can be better understood when one analyzes the global financial crisis of 2008. A vigilant scrutiny of the financial crisis reveals an underestimation of the risk associated with financial instruments (such as Mortgage based securities), that led to inflated expectations ultimately triggering global financial crisis. This underestimation of risk perception of the investors was primarily motivated from the improper financial reporting of entities. Hence, an establishment of suitable reporting standards for accounting along with suitable disclosures in the financial statements has become a challenging task (Kurz, 2004, pp.1-5). The industries have experienced some tremendous changes in terms of financial reporting and

Advertising promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advertising promotion - Essay Example The business plan for the service is that the target market will hire Darla to perform weekly errands like picking up dry cleaning and grocery shopping, or do one-off errands, such as getting shoes or watches repaired or dropping off library books. The idea is that if Darla performs these tasks, these people will be able to relax and spend more time with friends and family, and enjoy other leisure activities. Issue with the Idea The main issue encountered for implementing this idea was to generate awareness about the service to the target people so that the idea could be implemented properly. Besides this, reaching out to the target customers efficiently was also major issue faced by Darla and her errand service. Solution To tackle this problem proper communication with the target market was essential and to actualise the same Darla had to spend a significant amount of money on advertising. In addition she had to take a call whether she would go for in-house advertising or hire an ag ency to do the job. The target market for â€Å"I’ll Run for You† comprised of a pretty large population in the area and mainly included the people who either led retired or busy lives. The elderly people who were too old for errands, and the professionals who had to travel because of work, had no time to do the errands. Before deciding on the type of advertising that Darla should have considered, it is important to analyse the pro and cons of both an in-house and an advertising agency services. In an in-house agency, the cost is relatively low and with improved technology actions ranging from direct mails to development of website, can be successfully executed by a marketer. Consistency and transparency can also be easily maintained by an in-house agency (Powers, 2012). The biggest benefit of an in-house agency is that it has total control over the provider’s time, quality and activity. Most of the organisations try to maintain the core operation in-house, whic h would differentiate the business (Traxler, 2012). However the in-house agency has a relatively low buying power of media, there are hardly any fresh views, lacks specialised knowledge, and also the stress related to work is more (Smith & Taylor, 2004, p.168). In other words, in-house agencies are less experienced, less flexible and less objective (Belch, Belch & Purani, 2010, p. 102). In case of advertising agency the biggest benefit is the expertise knowledge that the agency brings on board. The agencies work in groups, and so they are likely to pick the most innovative idea and act as per the requirements of the clients. Moreover, as the crucial part of advertising is handled by the agency, a lot of significant time gets saved for the organisation to involve in other related activities (Sharma, 2011). However advertising agency is a costly affair as they usually charge a high price for the variety of services and sometimes the clients end up paying for pretty trivial reasons. Th e money involved is relatively higher as compared to an in-house agency. Besides this less involvement with and understanding of overall marketing goals of the client, and longer response time taken by the external agencies also act as dampening factors of hiring an outside agency. Recommendation Analysing the pros and cons of both in-house and outside advertising agency, it is recommended to â€Å"I’ll Work for you† to hire an outside agency which would help it in generating awareness among the target customers. Although outside advertising agency has many disadvantages, but since the business is new, it will be beneficial

E-Business and E-Commerce Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

E-Business and E-Commerce Management - Case Study Example Integrating e-bay and amazon deliverables in that process would be an effective mode of solving the current experienced issues. E-business and e-commerce solution to the problems appear to the company is likely to reform and revolutionize the market share of the company. The main idea is to enhance competition that places the company at better position businesswise compared to its rivals (Chaffey, 2006, pg. 443). The clientele base is an important given business. Reaching out to the required customer in line with offering the demanded products in the market is a positive move towards achieving the company’s goals and objectives. It is important that the company identifies its market share as well as its potential for growth. A business needs to expand and therefore grow over time, allowing for a diversified and dynamic portfolio. The above-identified deliverables have the potential to achieve the desired result for the company. Deliverables An e-bay and Amazon will be the driv ing forces in the achievement of the desired results. The two have identifiable advantages and disadvantages. The usability of the two, however, is not likely to face any challenge as the targeted market is well aware of the website marketing and sale. The idea is to reach out to the target market and diversify on the company’s portfolio given the existing and currently launched products. Amazon and e-bay are popular sites of business and embracing innovativeness and creativity in meeting market demand would require that the two deliverables be employed. A detailed description of the solution Discount Heating and Plumbing Supplies has embraced the fact that the market share has stagnated, providing low opportunities for growth and development. In this regard, revenue generation has been falling over time leading to low-income generation and low levels of profitability. As such, the main concern here is to improve the situation given this scenario, based on the above-identifie d solution to the problem. The effectiveness of the process will be determined by a number of factors. These include but not limited to: the company’s short term and long term plans, goals and objectives in conducting business, product diversification, expansion, growth, and development of the company, expected future trends and pricing strategies of the company. Marketing is an essential tool for the achievement of the desired results. In this case, identified problems need to be solved. Whatever the process adopted, the company has to move forward. The market share stagnation identified need to be reversed or turned around. Incorporating marketing mix into the e-business and commerce measures presented above will ensure a smooth run of activities in pursuit of the desired results. Building the customer base and further making it dynamic and diverse can be achieved through this process. Over and above this, the e-business and commerce strategy for the company will not only e nsure a diversified and a dynamic market share but also provide an opportunity for growth and development through increased revenue, income and profitability.

Comparative Analysis Of Eigrp And Ospf Routing Information Technology Essay

Comparative Analysis Of Eigrp And Ospf Routing Information Technology Essay In this running era of technology, the technology of communication is increasing day by day. The communication networks plays important role to send any information like file or printer sharing, video streaming and voice conferencing etc and these days internet is the best medium to share information remotely and allow people to communicate, collaborate and interact with each other. All this information is managed by communication networks in which Routing Protocols are used to transfer information or packets across internet. The Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) created Routing Protocols by which network is control and able to communicate with each other around world. The main job of Router is to provide best path to packet from source to destination by using various metrics values leading to many different properties of path and then calculated the best path for packet to reach destination in network. The numbers of Routing Protocols are available to manage the network or to connect multiple networks. Internet Protocol (IP) is the most commonly known protocol among all of them and In this thesis two most widely used protocols of intra Domain Routing Protocols will be analysed, which are Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Routing Protocol where as EIGRP is a Cisco proprietary Interior Gateway routing protocol via Distance Vector Protocols and OSPF routing protocol is Link-State Interior Gateway Routing protocol and also consider important protocol for real time applications. C:UsersG MomiDesktopUG ProjectAsessmentsCISCO1841.jpg Fig1[14] C:UsersG MomiDesktopUG ProjectAsessmentsnetworking-router.jpgFig 2[15] Aims and Objectives All routing protocols have different performance in the network so its important to choose the right one for your network and this selection can be done on the basis of network scalibilty, convergence time and bandwidth requirements. In this Project EIGRP and OSPF Routing Protocols are chosen and the comparitive anaysis of these two protocols in real-time trafic will be take place in different senario and evaluating which protocol will give best route real-time trafic. Further in this project, different routing protocols will be discuss as their features and properties and theoritical and simulation analyse will be done with quantative metrics. The Cisco Proprietary EIGRP is based on Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) and its cost is calculated on the basis of delay and bandwidth [3] . on other hand OSPF routing protocol work on the bases of DIJKSTRA ALGORITHM or Shortest Path First (SPF) and the calculation of its cost is based on bandwidth [4]. These protocols uses different algorithm to route the trafic and this can be vary in convergence time and route proccessing delay according to their calculation so this can effect the network performance. To find out which protocol have better performance in large or small network, three different network models will be designed by EIGRP and OSPF routing protocols repectively by network simulator. 1.2 Project Methodology In this project two routing protocols EIGRP and OSPF will be analyse in by three methods:- A network model will be designed with EIGRP and simulation will be done in Cisco Packet Tracer and results will be observed. On the same designed network, OSPF will be impliment and performance will be recorded. And in the last same designed network will be impliment by both OSPF and EIGRP routing protocols to simulate the performance of real-time trafic. Routing Protocols Background Routing Protocols in IP networks are important to transfer data or any packet on time and responsible for sending packets to correct destination address and also these Routing Protocols are intelligent enough to select right information from relevant source and forwarding to destination node via one-hop or multi hop. Routing Protocols in router creates routing table by collecting information from the neighbour router which helps router to calculate the best path to forward the packet. All routing protocols are usually works on layer 3 (network layer). There are many classifications of Routing Protocols for example Static routing, dynamic routing and Link-State routing protocols further classes distance vector routing protocols, RIP, VSLM and CIDR, EIGRP and OSPF. Also these protocols help to build other network communication protocols for example wireless ad-hoc networks and mesh wireless networks and many other. The network in Internet is highly dynamic that is why its protocols are equally dynamic, among all Routing Protocols EIGRP and OSPF are two widely used protocols and both comes under dynamic routing protocols, in which EIGRP is based on Interior Gateway Routing Protocols and also EIGRP contains new features by which the market potential is expanded. OSPF is also Interior Gateway Routing protocol and works on Link-state and (SPF) Shortest Path First technology. Thanks to these routing protocol technology which increases and helped in improving the communication in such a perfect and correct way around the world. C:UsersG MomiDesktopUG ProjectAsessmentshomepage.jpgFig 3 [16] Overall Routing There are many routing protocols by which routers in different networks are able to communicate with each other with different properties. The following properties will provide overall view of Routing, what properties do router use and why. Desirable Properties of Routing Loop: While providing route for packet to reach destination, routing protocol are responsible to provide loop free route in network which results as low bandwidth used during process and can be used efficiently. Demand Based Operation: The demand based operation means that protocol should provide only the information when requested by node which helps to save the valuable resources used in network. Convergence: Convergence is basically occurrence of two or more things coming together, when ever link changes router automatically notice the change and process the update by calculating the new route and also forward the updated table. Convergence is totally depends on the routing protocols if convergence occurs in network it can result in bad route calculation or may drop the packet or time out. So the routing protocol should converge as fast as possible. Security: All protocols used in routing must ensure that the packets are transmitted with security to chosen destination. Multiple Routes: Routing protocols are responsible to provide multiple routes for the packets to reach its destination from its routing table when selected link by the routers fails or if there is any congestion on a particular route, this takes time to discover new route but by some selected routing protocols it is possible for router to do this job in seconds. Quality of Service: All Protocols doesnt support Quality of Service as fact there is no widely deployed QOS aware Routing Protocols. But some protocols do support the Quality of Service depending upon their intended network use, like in EIGRP bandwidth and delay are consider with static parameters and in OSPF only bandwidth is consider with static parameters. 2.2 Routing and Metrics 2.2.1 Metrics and its Purpose The cost of path in routing is based on the metrics parameters by metrics it is possible to compare or measure the path and all routing protocols select lowest metrics value among all values to determine the best path for routers. All Routing Protocols have their own metric calculation to decide the best bath. At a stage where routing protocol learn multiple path to reach remote networks or same destination and confused to select the right one, then lowest metrics value is used by routing protocols to choose the best path after calculating and comparing the cost of each path learned by routing protocols. Each protocol has its own way to calculate metrics and compare its value as mentioned before EIGRP works on the combination of delay, load, bandwidth and reliability and OSPF uses only bandwidth and as different for other routing protocols. 2.2.2 Metrics Parameters of Routing Protocol The metrics calculation of different routing protocols may results to select different path to same destination this is because different metrics values are used by different protocols. The following metrics are usually used in IP routing protocols:- Hop Count: some protocols count numbers of routers means hops through the packet will traverse to reach the destination like in RIP packets are traverse on the path with least number of hops. Bandwidth: After calculating the metrics if value is chosen bandwidth then path selected with highest bandwidth is preferable. Load: Some protocols select their path according to the load on the link, the lowest load on link is consider the best path to reach destination. Reliability: when reliability is chosen as metrics then path with highest reliability is selected, in this process reliability is calculated by the probability of the link failure in which can be calculated as from the previous recorded link failure or counting interface errors. Cost: cost can be defined as a metrics or a policy combined with metrics because cost is basically a value which is set by administrator or IOS (Internet Operating System) to select best path. 2.3 Classification of Routing Protocols Routing Protocols can be classified as:- Static and Dynamic Routing Protocols Distance Vector (DV) and Link-State Routing Protocols (LSR) Classful and classless Routing Protocols 2.3.1 Static and Dynamic Routing Protocols Static routing is basically used in small networks as its performance is bad because routing table constructed manually in static routing and routes are also fixed at boot time of router so that is why whenever new network is added or deleted within Autonomous System (AM) network administrator have to update it manually. Therefore it has good advantage in small network in which system administrator have full control of the network but on large networks this technology fails because it is hard to manage rapid changes in network topology and configure all routes manually. On the other hand Dynamic Routing Protocols routing is more widely used in large networks because in this routing table is created automatically and updated by message exchanging with adjacent routers, which means each router in the network have information about all other routers in the network and whenever any router is added or deleted the routing table is updated by different update methods like periodic update and trigger updates. The best route in dynamic routing protocol is based on their individual metrics and rules. Not only this there are many other reason of choosing Dynamic Routing instead of Static and for Dynamic Routing, route instability and creating routing loops are only the drawbacks which may cause. The most known Dynamic protocols are:- RIP A Distance Vector Interior Routing Protocol IGRP The Distance Vector Interior Routing Protocol by Cisco OSPF A Link-State Interior Routing Protocol IS-IS A Link-State Interior Routing Protocol EIGRP The Advanced Distance Vector Interior Routing Protocol by Cisco BGP A Path Vector Exterior Routing Protocol. 2.3.2 Distance Vector Routing Protocols Distance Vector Routing determines the best path by calculating the distance to reach the destination, as the name indicates Distance means the how far is destination by hop count metrics and Vector of distance represents term of next hop router or exit interface. Distance Vector Routing Protocols works on the basis of Bellman-Ford algorithm in which routing table is created and updated periodically by broadcasting the entire routing table to each of its neighbour. In Distance Vector each router maintains a distance vector for each destination which contains the information of next hop, destination ID and the shortest distance. This Protocols works on periodic advertisement of the shortest path by each router for example router sends its Distance Vector to its neighbours periodically containing the information of shortest path then the router in neighbour receives the information and updates its routing table and send the updated table periodically to its own neighbour and this process is continue works on the entire network in the time range of 10-90 seconds as depend on different Distance Vector Routing Protocols. In these protocols the router does not have the information of the entire path to the destination router. Router only counts the number of hops and has only the information of the direction and the interface from where the packet can be forwarded. Different metrics are used to update the information by distance vector protocols like in EIGRP the diffusion algorithm is used to select the cost of path to reach the destination. Advantage and Disadvantage of Distance Vector Routing The main advantages of Distance Vector Routing are as follows:- Simple and easy to understand as they work on the basis of router advertising processes but these protocols are efficient in smaller networks Distance Vector Routing Protocols are very easy to configure as just need to enable it on router interface and also they are very easy to manage. Main Disadvantages:- Large Routing tables in large networks, results as bad performance because thousands entries in routing table. Creating loops and slow convergence Problems with Scalability and not good in hierarchical routing Although by split horizon rule and triggered updates, Distance Routing Protocols are boosted as result convergence speed is increased. 2.3.3 Link-State Routing Protocols Link-State Routing (LSR) Protocols are those dynamic routing protocols which works DIJKSTRAS Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm that is why this protocol is also known as Shortest Path First Protocol. The router configured with LSR protocol will always chose the shortest path to reach the destination in network. In Link-State routing protocols the information is stored in database called Link-State database and this routing information is exchange among all routers in network through Link-State Advertisements (LSA). If there is any link added or changed in the network topology then LSAs is flooded to all the neighbour nodes by which routing table are updated information is stored in their own database which describes the topology of the network. The database in these protocols contains the information cost of the each link in the network and this cost is calculated by algorithm called DIJKSTRAS algorithm and the cost of each link can also be set by administrator. After all Link-State routing protocols have excellent flexibility but more complex as compare to Distance Vector and LSR protocols have less broadcast traffic. The most known LSR Protocols are Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS). Advantage and Disadvantage of Link-State Routing Each router in Link-State Routing Protocol calculate the route independently, the main advantages are as follow: LSR have small Routing table which makes it react fast whenever their is change in network. LSR also have low network overhead and the size of the packet sent in network is very small. Drawbacks of Link-State Routing: Configuration is difficult which results use of large memory space. More complex as compare to Distance Vector. 2.3.4 Classful and Classless Routing Protocols Depending on the subnet mask the routing protocols can be separated as Classful and Classless routing. Classful: The Classful routing contains the same subnet mask in the network topology and the Classful routing protocols never send any information regarding subnet mask in their routing updates. The router does not belong to same network then Classful subnet mask will be applied to the route. Classful routing protocols are not widely used because they doesnt support VSLM (Variable Length Subnet Masks) and also they cannot support discontinuous networks. Classless: Classless routing protocols are just opposite to Classful as in this the subnet mask varies in the network topology and also subnet mask and network address both are included in routing updates. EIGRP and OSPF are also belongs to classless routing protocols. 3.0 Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) . EIGRP is Cisco proprietary protocol and this is enhanced version of Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) [7], EIGRP was developed in 1992 and now days this protocols is being consider as more scalable for both large and medium networks. Diffusion Update Algorithm (DUAL) is used in EIGRP for calculating the routes to destination and also EIGRP has both properties of Link-State and Distance Vector Routing Protocols as it creates neighbour relationships and advertises the routes in network topology that is why it also called as Hybrid Protocol. 3.1 EIGRP Components EIGRP rely on the following four components:- 3.1.1 Diffusion Update Algorithm (DUAL) EIGRP uses DUAL by which loops are avoided in network and this mechanism is process by following concepts of DUAL:- Successor Successor means the first router or the first hop across network which provides the least-cost path to the destination. Feasible Distance The lowest cost required to reach the destination is basically known as Feasible Distance. Reported Distance The cost of router to reach a destination in a network is known by reported distance Feasible Successor Feasible Successor provides the loop free backup path to the destination, basically Feasible Successor if neighbour router in network. Feasible Condition This is totally depend on the value reported distance and feasible distance to select the Feasible Successor, means the value of advertised Reported Distance by router to destination should be less than feasible destination to the same distance. 3.1.2 Neighbour Discovery and Recovery This method allows routers to update their table dynamically with the information of other directly connected routers to the network and this information is exchange between routers with very low overhead as sending HELLO packets periodically throughout the network, router verify the connection with neighbour router by receiving HELLO packets from it. Usually these HELLO packets are sent periodically after every 5 seconds in high speed networks and with these HELLO packets advertise a HOLD time each time when they are sent by a router to make sure the connection is alive by receiving HELLO packets back. In EIGRP the default hold time is 15 seconds. By exchanging these HELLO packets advertisements between each other in the network, router updates their outing table, if the any router doesnt receive HELLO packets in between the HOLD time of EIGRP then the neighbour router will be discarded from the routing table. 3.1.3 Reliable Transport Protocol This protocol is used by EIGRP for guaranteed and ordered delivery of EIGRP packets to all the neighbour routers in the network and also Reliable Transport Protocol supports intermix transmission of unicast or multicast packets. EIGRP packets are different; some of the packets are reliably transmitted as required and some do not need any reliability for transmission although reliability is provided whenever there is need. 3.1.4 Protocol Dependent Module To support different network layer protocols, EIGRP uses PDM (Protocol Dependent Module) like Internet Packet Exchange (IPX) and Apple Talk. http://fengnet.com/book/CCIE%20Professional%20Development%20Routing%20TCPIP%20Volume%20I/images/07fig04.jpgFig 4 [Online Available] 3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages in EIGRP The main advantage of EIGRP routing protocol are:- Loop free routes are providing by EIGRP routing protocol. The configuration of EIGRP is very easy as compare to OSPF. Low convergence time EIGRP can work with VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask) Routing update authentication is also supported by EIGRP Disadvantages; The main disadvantage is EIGRP is Cisco Proprietary so can be use only on Cisco products. Routers from other vendors are not able to utilize EIGRP. 4.0 Open Shortest Path First OSPF is Link-State Interior Gateway Routing Protocol and it can use by other product as well because it is not Cisco Proprietary. OSPF works with single Autonomous system and distribute the information across the network. In OSPF the cost of interface is calculated by bandwidth and this cost is inversely proportional to bandwidth, Lower cost requires higher bandwidth [3]. As mentioned before OSPF routing protocols always select the lowest cost path to all available destinations with the help of DIJKSTRA Algorithm calculation. 4.1 Protocol Structure The following information is included in OSPF protocol structure [2] Version: indicates the current version of OSPF. Type: indicates five types of packets which are HELLO Packets, Database Description (DBD), Link-State Request (LSR), Link-State Update (LSU) and Link-State Acknowledgement (LSAck). Packet Length Router ID Area ID Checksum Au Type Authentication. 5. Related Works and Research There are many comparative analysis of EIGRP, OSPF and other related routing protocols have been proposed and still research is going on some of them are given below. Performance comparisons between OSPF and EIGRP in tactical IP networks. [18] Dynamic Routing Protocol Implementation Decision between EIGRP, OSPF and RIP Based on Technical Background Using OPNET Modeler. [19] Dynamic routing protocol performance in a fault- tolerant Ethernet-based IP network. [20] And many more other research related to this topic but there are very few comparison and analysis of OSPF and EIGRP routing protocols for real-time traffic. In this project comparative analysis of two most popular routing protocols EIGRP and OSPF will be done in Cisco packet Tracer with different scenarios in terms of metrics performance. Further detailed information will be included as theoretically of all related routing protocols. Conclusion This contextual report was presented as the part of BSc Computer Networking final year project on Routing Protocols to provide the overview of the project information and literature research and also as Project Initiation Document, in this report the purpose of the project is clearly mentioned and further artefact will be designed and implement later with more detailed information as scheduled.

A Trip to the Dentists Office Essay -- Personal Narratives Descriptiv

A Trip to the Dentist's Office The phone rings, and I answer, â€Å"Thank you for calling Enterprise, how may I help you?† The voice on the other end asks for Andrea, and I reply, â€Å"This is she.† The voice says she is calling to remind me of my 11:00 AM dental appointment. I sigh and tell her I will be there on time. I enter the brick building and walk over to the elevator; I push the up button and patiently wait. The elevator door promptly opens, and I get in. I push the button with a number two on it, and the doors close†¦ up I go. Once on the second floor, I exit the elevator. Even before I go into Dr.Taylor’s office, I can immediately smell the mixture of wintergreen-flavored toothpaste and bleach out in the hall. As soon as I open the outer door, a blast of cool air from the air conditioner hits me in the face and makes me shiver all over. I walk in and add my name to the list on the sign-in sheet. Mindy, the gray-hared women behind the frosted glass slide window, sees me and lets me know that the doctor will be ready soon. While I wait for the dental assistant in her crisp white uniform to call out my name, I look at the fish in the large blue tank in the corner of the room. The sleek fish dart about playing hide and seek with the plastic mermaid at the bottom of the tank, while tiny silver bubbles slip to the top of the tank's surface and break silently. I then turn and see a photo album sitting on a coffee table; I pick it up only to see pictures of decaying teeth and...